Thursday, December 26, 2019

The Burgundian Wars Battle of Nancy

In late  1476, despite earlier defeats at Grandson and Murten, Duke Charles the Bold of  Burgundy  moved to besiege the city of Nancy which had been taken by Duke Rene II of Lorraine earlier in the year. Fighting severe winter weather, the Burgundian army encircled the city and Charles hoped to win a swift victory as he knew Rene to be gathering a relief force. Despite the siege conditions, the garrison at Nancy remained active and sortied against the Burgundians. In one foray, they succeeded in capturing 900 of Charless men. Rene Approaches Outside the city walls, Charless situation was made more complicated by the fact that his army was not linguistically unified as it possessed Italian mercenaries, English archers, Dutchmen, Savoyards, as well as his Burgundian troops. Acting with financial support from Louis XI of France, Rene succeeded in assembling 10 to 12,000 men from Lorraine and the Lower Union of the Rhine. To this force, he added 10,000 Swiss mercenaries. Moving deliberately, Rene began his advance on Nancy in early January. Marching through the winter snows, they arrived south of the city on the morning of Jan. 5, 1477. The Battle of Nancy Moving swiftly, Charles began deploying his smaller army to meet the threat. Making use of the terrain, he positioned his army across a valley with a small stream to its front. While his left was anchored on the River Meurthe, his right rested on an area of thick woods. Arranging his troops, Charles positioned his infantry and thirty field guns in the center with his cavalry on the flanks. Assessing the Burgundian position, Rene and his Swiss commanders decided against a frontal assault believing that it could not succeed. Instead, the decision was made to have the largely Swiss vanguard (Vorhut) move forward to attack Charless left, while the center (Gewalthut) swung to the left through the forest to attack the enemy right. After a march that lasted around two hours, the center was in position slightly behind Charless right. From this location, the Swiss alpenhorns sounded three times and Renes men charged down through the woods. As they slammed into Charless right, his cavalry succeeded in driving off their Swiss opposites, but his infantry was soon overwhelmed by superior numbers. As Charles desperately began shifting forces to realign and reinforce his right, his left was driven back by Renes vanguard. With his army collapsing, Charles and his staff frantically worked to rally their men but with no success. With the Burgundian army in mass retreat toward Nancy, Charles was swept along until his party was surrounded by a group of Swiss troops. Attempting to fight their way out, Charles was struck in the head by a Swiss halberdier and killed. Falling from his horse, his body was found three days later. With the Burgundians fleeing, Rene advanced to Nancy and lifted the siege. Aftermath While the casualties for the Battle of Nancy are not known, with Charless death the Burgundian Wars effectively came to an end. Charless Flemish lands were transferred to the Hapsburgs when Archduke Maximilian of Austria married Mary of Burgundy. The Duchy of Burgundy reverted to French control under  Louis XI. The performance of the Swiss mercenaries during the campaign further bolstered their reputation as superb soldiers and led to their increased use across Europe.

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Comparison Of Greek And Ancient Chinese Concepts Of Logic

According to James Allen, the aim of logic is to validate an argument (351). But under the differences of various cultures, how is this definition achieved? In Chinese and Greek rhetoric, or what we have come to generalize as the term rhetoric, an examination of logic can show how critical a role it took in both cultures and how enduring those concepts have been. Before a comparison between Greek and Ancient Chinese concepts of logic can be made, it is important to note that discussing rhetoric in this fashion is difficult because of disparities in translation. In fact, the term rhetoric doesn t clearly encompass the discourse of Ancient China due to the fact that this generalized word is a Western invention. Therefore, the use of logic†¦show more content†¦The School of Ming appeared to focus on logic and reasoning, but the contemporaries of Confucius often tended to use the term bian more frequently and offered an inclusion of logic and rational argument in its meaning (454). While ming is mostly focused on truth, bian appears to absorb this and many other factors of argument and speech. So, for the sake of specificity in this essay, the focus for logic should remain on ming but also how the other terms function within its realm. Ming, in the most basic sense, was coined by Confucius, who described the term as the rectification of names and also claimed that if names are not rectified, speech will not be smooth (Lu 82). To rectify is to make right or to correct something, so in the scope of logic, ming would seem to suggest that logic follows in the correct discourse of the speaker. We can be sure that within the realm of logic, truth would be of importance, and truth is what is correct. It is difficult to capture the true meaning of a term like ming without looking at the various ways that the term was used in ancient China. On one hand, ming represented proper expression, and in another, it was referred to as honor by Laozi (Lu 82). But what does this have to do with logic? In Mingjia, Deng Xi was

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Digital Communication Management for Clothing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDigital Communication Management for Clothing and Makeup. Answer: Fashion is a popular practice or style that is found in spheres of footwear, clothing, makeup, body or accessories. Fashion is a trend which is constant and distinctive which determines the style of dressing by a person. Fashion encompasses the prevalent styles in new creations and behavior from designers of textiles. Fashion is usually determined by various factors. These factors are economical, political, technologies and social. These factors can be examined with the use of a pest analysis to determine the rate of decline or growth in a specific trend[1]. Fashion has a strong way of influencing the way in which people live, dress and approach life. Fashion can be able to sway individuals in a way which will make them feel more confident and they can stand out whenever they are in any setting. Fashion is an amazing influence within society and I shall focus on some specific pieces which will describe the kind of fashion I like and how it can influence you by making you look outstan ding. The outdoors are an amazing environment to be in. The outfit an individual wears while outdoors needs to be thought out completely to ensure that they look well and stand out. When going for an outdoor hike one should be able to dress for the occasion. The key factors to consider are the shoes. A hike calls for someone to wear shoes which are comfortable but can also get the job done as you walk in different terrain[2]. I prefer boots for hikes because they are very hardy and will not let you down. The disadvantage of boots are that they might be bulky and heavy to walk in. However sourcing a boot which is light and yet hardy is also possible in ensuring you enjoy the hike. Another good way to accessorize and try out fashion in the outdoors is through using your backyard. Most backyards are lavish with a green porch and trees which make the ambiance amazing[3]. You can try various outfits which match well as you are in your backyard to find out what will work well for you when in the outdoors during different seasons. This form of testing in fashion is something fun and can be enjoyed especially when you are trying to make some of your old clothes bring out a new meaning in life. On a good day the outdoors are comprised of a good sunny day. The sun however can sometimes be a problem and that is why while in the outdoors an individual should have a good hat or a pair of sunglasses that match with the theme of what you are wearing. Marketing is the management and study of exchange relationships. Marketing used to keep, satisfy and create a customer. The customer is usually the primary focus of any marketing activities. Marketing has been termed as one of the key components in terms of business management. A marketing manager is the individual who is in charge of ensuring that the marketing plans of an organization are effective and will achieve the set objectives. Most businesses need a marketing department or engage in a marketing campaign to ensure that their business will grow. In any marketing campaign the marketers should be able to develop an appropriate marketing plan which will target a specific target market. This will ensure that any marketing campaign being carried out will be successful and help grow an organizations profits and market share. In our specific case as a marketing manager I will be in charge of describing a marketing campaign which I organized on a boat company in which I worked in[4]. There are various dream boats that come in all sizes and shapes. These sizes and shapes of dream boats vary depending on the target species and the fish which is being targeted. Dream boats are a representation of an anglers vision and imagination. Based on research from various regular and seasonal fishermen I will be able to describe a dream boat which is preferred as a very good fishing boat[5]. The Southport 29 is an amazing fish boat which is a yatch fishing machine and its design is of good quality. The Southport 29 is an amazing fishing boat that comprises of 600 horse power, an aft ball rigging station, a 45 gallon livewell, a hardtop with tricolor led, a tecma marine head and a swimming platform. The impression an individual can get as they see and use the Southport 29 is that it is a hard fishing boat and it makes you look good as you fish. The boat has an average of 7 seconds while accelerating from zero to 30 miles per hour. It can achieve 6000 revolutions per minute with a top speed of 51.8 miles per hours. The optimal cruise is 29 miles per hour with 3500 revolutions per minute. The Southport 29 is a dream boat which can enable an individual to stand safely on the foredeck and cast for stripers on the rocky coastline. The Southpark 29 is very comfortable for fishing having a ten and a half foot beam.There is a closed cell foam which has been injected in the boat for strength and flotation purposes[6]. Plexus adhesive has been bonded to the stringer, cockpit liner and the hull. The helm has an acrylic windscreen which has been molded to be in line with the rake of the console. There are 12 inch multifunction displays which are accommodated in the console face. There is a standard Thetford Tecma marine head in the console which pullout shower in the sink which offers comfort to the family. The Southport 29 has been built and accessorized with the hardcore fisherman in mind[7]. Rather than being stripped down it is fully featured making it the best kind of boa for discriminating anglers form both worlds. The boat can be summarized as an amazing build which can handle rough waters and enable fishermen to do hardcore fishing a s they get to enjoy the luxury of being in a boat. Technology has been able to revolutionize the way in which we live and operate in our professional and personal lives.Technology has been able to positively impact businesses immensely. It has revolutionized the way in which businesses conduct their operations. The use of technology has enabled small businesses to compete with large corporations in various industries because it has in some way level the playing field in terms of customer reach[8]. It is advisable for small businesses to have digital strategies to ensure they grow in terms of profit margins in which they achieve and their market share. Small businesses specifically should utilize technology to reduce the costs which are associated with running their operations[9]. Business technology has automated back office operations such as accounting, payroll and record keeping. Secure environments can be created by business owners with the utilization of technology in maintaining consumer and business information secure. Technol ogy being used in businesses enables them to improve on their communication. The use of texts, emails, websites and personal digital products to aid them in improving the way in which they interact with their clients. The use of technology has enabled companies to easily target various demographics of their market so that they can maximize their sales[10]. It also enables them to gain customer feedback which helps them understand the need of their clients and the ways they can improve themselves to satisfy their clients. Technology has increased the productivity of businesses. Business software and computer programs have enabled businesses to process more information than when operations were done manually with their employees. The use of technology has enabled companies to spend less money on human labor and more on technology which does operations faster and more efficiently. The use of technology also enables business owners to easily expand their operations. Technology is usually very easy to upgrade and integrate to ensure that any updates which come up can easily become part of the business operations. In the case of using employees to implement new operations it would take a longer time and more money for a company[11]. The time used to train employees on doing new operations can cost the company but with the use of technology this new operations can be implemented almost immediately. Technology improves the potential output of a business which is important in growing its profits and market sh are. Technology has also the potential of bringing different markets and clients together. This is important because it will give a business access to a global market without having to invest heavily in various locations. Outsourcing of various business operations has also been able to save other businesses a lot of money in terms of operation and infrastructure cost. It has also invested a new breed of businesses such as virtual assistants which were not present before. There are various benefits and disadvantages associated with the use of technology[12]. As with any industry it is important to work on the strengths and weaknesses to ensure the overall goals are achieved. Bibliography Al-Hassani, Woodcok and Saoud (2004), 'Muslim Heritage in Our World', FSTC publishing, pp. 389 Brook T. (1999) "The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China" . University of California Press Chekitan S. D. Schultz E. D. (2005). "In the Mix: A Customer-Focused Approach Can Bring the Current Marketing Mix into the 21st Century". Marketing Management v.14 n.1. Church R. Godley A. (2003). The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass. Fashion (2012, March 29). Wwd. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wwd.com/fashion-news. For a discussion of the use of the terms "fashion", "dress", "clothing", and "costume" by professionals in various disciplines, see Valerie Cumming, Understanding Fashion History, "Introduction", Costume Fashion Press. (2004). n.p. Hollander S. C., Rassuli K. M., Jones D. G. B., Dix and Farlow L. (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History," Journal of Macromarketing, Vol 25, no.1, pp 32-41. Paliwoda S. J., Ryans K. J. (2008). "Back to first principles". International Marketing: Modern and Classic Papers (1st ed.). p. 25. "Swarming the shelves: How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales?". The Economist. 2006-11-11. p. 90. Tedlow R. S. Jones G. G. (2014). The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing. Routledge. Undressing Cinema: Clothing and identity in the movies. (2012). p. 196. Weitz, Barton A. Wensley R. (2002). Handbook of Marketing.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Spanish Colonization free essay sample

The  Philippine  islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Magellan landed on the island of Cebu, claiming the lands for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro. He set up friendly relations with some of the local chieftains and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism. However, Magellan was killed by natives, led by a local chief named Lapu-Lapu, who go up against foreign domination. Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were send off to the islands. In 1543, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. The name would later be given to the entire archipelago. Spanish colonization Permanent Spanish settlement was not established until 1565 when an expedition led by the Conquistadores, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, arrived in Cebu from Mexico (New Spain). We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish Colonization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Spanish leadership was soon established over many small independent communities that previously had known no central rule. Six years later, following the defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Rajah Solayman, Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location that offered the excellent harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and proximity to the ample food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish government, including military, religious, and commercial activities in the islands. Despite the opposition of the Portuguese, who desired to maintain their monopoly on East Indies trade, the Spanish had secured a foothold in the Philippines, which became their outpost as the Spanish East Indies. The Philippines was administered as a province of New Spain until Mexican independence (1821). Occupation of the islands was accomplished with relatively little bloodshed, partly because most of the population (except the Muslims) offered little armed resistance initially. A significant problem the Spanish faced was the subjugation of the Muslims of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The Muslims, in response to attacks on them from the Spanish and their native allies, raided areas of Luzon and the Visayas that were under Spanish colonial control. The Spanish conducted intermittent military campaigns against the Muslims, but without conclusive results until the middle of the 19th century. Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments. One of Spains objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by the absence of other organized religions, except for Islam, which predominated in the south. The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social customs into religious observances. The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority of the main Austronesian lowland population, from which the Muslims of Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated (such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro). At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create a Filipino upper class, called the principalia, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the Filipino idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalia. The Philippines was not profitable as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Colonial income derived mainly from entrepot trade: The Manila Galleons sailing from Acapulco on the west coast of New Spain brought shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese goods. There was no direct trade with Spain. The invasion of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in earnest until 1564, when another expedition from New Spain, commanded by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, arrived. Permanent  Spanish settlement was not established until 1565 when an expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the  Philippines, arrived in Cebu from New Spain. Spanish leadership was soon established over many small independent communities that previously had known no central rule. Six years later, following the defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location that offered the outstanding harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and closeness to the sufficient food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish civil, military, religious, and commercial activity in the islands. By 1571, when Lopez de Legaspi established the Spanish city of Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before, the Spanish grip in the  Philippines  was secure which became their outpost in the East Indies, in spite of the opposition of the Portuguese, who desired to maintain theirmonopoly  on East Asian  trade. The  Philippines  was administered as a province of New Spain (Mexico) until Mexican independence (1821). Manila revolted the attack of the Chinese pirate Limahong in 1574. For centuries before the Spanish arrived the Chinese had  traded  with the Filipinos, but evidently none had settled permanently in the islands until after the conquest. Chinese  trade  and labor were of great importance in the early development of the Spanish colony, but the Chinese came to be feared and hated because of their increasing numbers, and in 1603 the Spanish murdered thousands of them (later, there were lesser massacres of the Chinese). The Spanish governor, made a viceroy in 1589, ruled with the counsel of the powerful royal audiencia. There were frequent uprisings by the Filipinos, who disliked the encomienda system. By the end of the 16th cent. Manila had become a leading commercial center of East Asia, carrying on a prosperous  trade  with China, India, and the East Indies. The  Philippines  supplied some wealth (including gold) to Spain, and the richly loaded galleons plying between the islands and New Spain were often attacked by English freebooters. There was also trouble from other quarters, and the period from 1600 to 1663 was marked by continual wars with the Dutch, who were laying the foundations of their rich empire in the East Indies, and with Moro pirates. One of the most difficult problems the Spanish faced was the defeat of the Moros. Irregular campaigns were conducted against them but without conclusive results until the middle of the 19th century. As the power of the Spanish Empire diminished, the Jesuit orders became more influential in the  Philippines  and obtained great amounts of property. Occupation of the islands was accomplished with relatively little bloodshed, partly because most of the population (except the Muslims) offered little armed battle initially. A significant problem the Spanish faced was the invasion of the Muslims of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The Muslims, in response to attacks on them from the Spanish and their native allies, raided areas of Luzon and the Visayas that were under Spanish colonial control. The Spanish conducted intermittent military campaigns against the Muslims, but without conclusive results until the middle of the 19th century. Church and state were inseparably  linked in  Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments. One of Spains objectives in colonizing the  Philippines  was the conversion of Filipinos to Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by the absence of other organized religions, except for Islam, which predominated in the south. The pageantry of the church had a wide plea, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social customs into religious observances. The eventual outcome was a new Christian majority of the main Malay lowland population, from which the Muslims of Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remained detached and separated. At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This system of indirect ule helped create in a Filipino upper  class, called the principalia, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This achieved an oligarchic system of local control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the Filipino idea of public use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the granting of titles on members of the principalia. The  Philippines  was not profitable as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Colonial income derived mainly from entrepot  trade: The Manila Galleons sailing from Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for  return  cargoes of Chinese goods. There was no direct  trade  with Spain. Decline of Spanish rule Spanish rule on the  Philippines  was briefly interrupted in 1762, when British troops invaded and occupied the islands as a result of Spains entry into the Seven Years War. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 brought back Spanish rule and the British left in 1764. The brief British occupation weakened Spains grip on power and sparked rebellions and demands for independence. In 1781, Governor-General Jose Basco y Vargas founded the Economic Society of Friends of the  Country. The  Philippines  by this time was administered directly from Spain. Developments in and out of the  country  helped to bring new ideas to the  Philippines. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut  travel time  to Spain. This prompted the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened Filipino upper  class, since many young Filipinos were able to study in Europe. Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial  government  and the frailocracy, the ilustrados originally clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence. Jose Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual and essential illustrado of the era, wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which greatly inspired the movement for independence. The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary principle was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the  Philippines, was founded by Andres Bonifacio who became its Supremo (leader). The  Philippine  Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was concerned in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan split into two groups, Magdiwang led by Andres Bonifacio and Magdalo led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Conflict between the two revolutionary leaders ended in the execution or assassination of Bonifacio by Aguinaldos soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a treaty with the Pact of Biak na Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong. It was the opposition to the power of the clergy that in large measure brought about the rising attitude for independence. Spanish injustices, prejudice, and economic oppressions fed the movement, which was greatly inspired by the brilliant writings of Jose Rizal. In 1896 revolution began in the province of Cavite, and after the execution of Rizal that December, it spread throughout the major islands. The Filipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, achieved considerable success before a peace was patched up with Spain. The peace was short-lived, however, for neither side honored its agreements, and a new revolution was made when the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898. The Spanish-American war started in 1898 after the USS Maine, sent to Cuba in connection with an attempt to arrange a peaceful resolution between Cuban independence ambitions and Spanish colonialism, was sunk in Havana harbor. After the U. S. naval victory led by Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the U. S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines, which he did on May 19, 1898, in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. By the time U. S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city of Intramuros Manila, which they were besieging. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite, establishing the First Philippine Republic under Asias first democratic constitution. Their dreams of independence were crushed when the Philippines were transferred from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), which closed the Spanish-American War. Concurrently, a German squadron under Admiral Diedrichs arrived in Manila and declared that if the United States did not grab the Philippines as a colonial possession, Germany would. Since Spain and the U. S. ignored the Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, during their negotiations in the Treaty of Paris, the Battle of Manila between Spain and the U. S. was alleged by some to be an attempt to exclude the Filipinos from the eventual occupation of Manila. Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided neither to return the Philippines to Spain, nor to allow Germany to take over the Philippines. Therefore, in addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to hand over the Philippines to the U. S. in exchange for US$20,000,000. 00, which the U. S. later claimed to be a gift from Spain. The first Philippine Republic rebelled against the U. S. occupation, resulting in the Philippine-American War (1899–1913). The Spanish colonization of the Philippines began in earnest with the arrival on the shores of Cebu in April 1565 of an expeditionary force led by a minor Spanish colonial official from Mexico named Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. The new Spanish king Felipe II who had ascended the throne in 1556 gave a fresh impetus to the colonial ambitions of his father Carlos V by ordering the Viceroy of Mexico to make preparations for a new expedition. By 1564, the Royal Audiencia of Mexico gave the instructions that were to guide Legaspi’s mission to the Philippines. He was ordered to undertake the voyage for the discovery and possession of the so-called  Islas del Poniente  or Western Islands, which included the islands discovered by Magellan and named subsequently by Villalobos as  Felipinas, in honor of the Spanish King. Among his objectives in these lands were to search for spices, spread the Catholic faith and establish settlements where it might be fitting or advantageous to the crown and the propagation of the faith. He was provided with ships, supplies, weapons and men who were paid at the port where they were to depart. A foothold in Cebu: 1565-1569. With an initial fleet of four vessels and force of 200 soldiers, 150 sailors and five religious, Legaspi established an outpost in Cebu. During the next four years, his contact with the peninsula was maintained through the voyages of his ships which carried spices and dispatches to Mexico and Spain and returned with reinforcements and provisions. The fledgling colony survived on tribute collected from the native villages in Cebu and nearby islands, overcoming resistance with help from friendlier natives. However, there was a development that nearly spelled the doom of the colony – the Spaniards were being starved in Cebu. Rather than cooperate with them, the natives fled to the mountains, while those who remained simply refused to plant crops or trade with them. It came to a point when Legaspi’s men were reduced to eating rats and cats. In 1568, a Portuguese fleet dropped anchor in Cebu and laid siege on the settlement. The Portuguese were claiming that the islands lay within the demarcation line intended for Portugal by the Treaty of Zaragosa in 1529. But they were not able to break Spanish resolve to stay. They lifted the siege months later in January 1569 when they themselves ran out of provisions. Feeling vulnerable to the Portuguese in their present site, Legaspi decided to transfer the colony to Panay which abounded in food. The expedition moves to Panay – 1569. In 1569, the Spaniards crossed the sea to the island of Panay. There, they continued to levy tribute, their companies spread thinly in Panay and neighboring islands for the purpose. Among the  conquistadors  with Legaspi, the most celebrated were the  maistre de campo  Martin de Goiti and the young, dashing Juan Salcedo, brother of Felipe de Salcedo and grandson of Legaspi, who explored most of Luzon and whose love affair with Lakan Dula’s niece, Princess Candarapa, became the stuff of which legends were made. Salcedo left their base camp in Panay in late 1569 with a company of 40 soldiers. He reached Mindoro and its nearby islets, subduing the natives and plundering the rich village of Mamburao with the cutting-edge weapon of their day, the arquebus, and their usual auxiliaries of  Pintados, the Visayan natives allied with the Spaniards. Salcedo returned to Panay in May 1570, there to meet with Legaspi and the  maistre de campo  Goiti who had also arrived from another expedition to discuss the final leg of their odyssey in the islands – the conquest of Luzon and the thriving community of Manila which, with its 4,000 inhabitants, was under the rule of a Muslim noble named Rajah Soliman. On May 3, Goiti and Salcedo sailed out of Panay in two small ships with a hundred soldiers and accompanied by a fleet of 14 or 15 vessels of the  Pintados. They again passed through Mindoro which remained hostile and attacked its principal village whose inhabitants took a refuge behind walls mounted with some columns. But that was all their firepower. The natives were armed with badly tempered lances which could not penetrate a good coat of mail and daggers and arrows which the Spaniards dismissed as weapons of little value. Defeated, they became willing vassals of the Spaniards and paid tribute to them.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Beloved and Numerology essays

Beloved and Numerology essays In literature, numbers are used to communicate important messages to the reader. The author uses references to numbers to strengthen the important ideas of the novel. In many cultures numbers carry an important or significant meaning to them. These numbers can carry a meaning more efficiently than using only words. In Beloved, Toni Morrison uses references to numbers to emphasize the significant ideas of the novel. Morrison uses these numbers to represent the persistence of slavery brought upon in Sethes life, her childrens life, Paul D.s life, and Baby Suggs life, after slavery has ended. These references to numbers are important because they show how these characters are affected after it has ended. Through physical means, through the actions of these characters, and through psychological means of these characters, Morrison shows the haunting continuation and aftereffects of slavery. In many novels the first sentence is the most important sentence in the novel. The first sentence can set the way for the remainder of the novel. In Beloved the first sentence, and first word of the entire novel uses numbers. Because numbers are used first, before any words, I find that the references to numbers are very important. 124 is in the first sentence on the first page. The sentence states, 124 WAS SPITEFUL (Morrison 3). This sentence is in all capital letters and also bold print. This shows an importance that this reference to numbers has on the novel. This number used on the page sets up the haunting story of slavery in one particular black household. The number refers to the house number in which the main characters live in. This house, 124, is haunted by the ghost of the baby of the main character, Sethe, who is learned to be named Beloved. 124 is barely referred to as there home, instead just simply referred to as 124. This number 124 plays a bigger meaning in the novel than simpl...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Classic Poems About, Addressed to, or Inspired by Birds

Classic Poems About, Addressed to, or Inspired by Birds Birds wild and domestic are quite naturally interesting to humans, earthbound creatures that we are, and for poets in particular, the world of birds and its endless variety of colors, shapes, sizes, sounds and motions has long been an immensely rich source of inspiration, symbol and metaphor. Because they fly, they carry associations of freedom and spirit on their wings. Because they communicate in songs that are alien to human language and yet musically evocative of human feelings, we attribute character and story to them. They are distinctly different from us, and yet we see ourselves in them and use them to consider our own place in the universe. Here’s our collection of classic bird poems in English: Samuel Taylor Coleridge,â€Å"The Nightingale† (1798)John Keats,â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† (1820)Percy Bysshe Shelley,â€Å"To a Skylark† (1820)Edgar Allan Poe,â€Å"The Raven† (1845)Alfred, Lord Tennyson,â€Å"The Eagle: A Fragment† (1851)Elizabeth Barrett Browning,â€Å"Paraphrase on Anacreon: Ode to the Swallow† (1862)William Blake,â€Å"The Birds† (1863)Christina Rossetti,â€Å"A Bird’s-Eye View† (1866)Christina Rossetti,â€Å"On the Wing† (1866)Walt Whitman,â€Å"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking† (1867)Walt Whitman,â€Å"The Dalliance of the Eagles† (1881)Emily Dickinson,â€Å"‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers - † (#254)Emily Dickinson,â€Å"High from the earth I heard a bird;† (#1723)Paul Laurence Dunbar,â€Å"Sympathy† (1899)Gerard Manley Hopkins,â€Å"The Windhover† (1918)Gerard Manley Hopkins,â€Å"The Woodlark† (1918)Wallace Stevens,â€Å" Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird† (1918)Thomas Hardy,â€Å"The Darkling Thrush† (1902)Robert Frost,â€Å"The Oven Bird† (1920)Robert Frost,â€Å"The Exposed Nest† (1920)William Carlos Williams,â€Å"The Birds† (1921)D.H. Lawrence,â€Å"Turkey-Cock† (1923) D.H. Lawrence,â€Å"Humming-Bird† (1923)William Butler Yeats,â€Å"Leda and the Swan† (1928) Notes on the Collection There is a bird at the heart of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner†- the albatross- but we have chosen to begin our anthology with two Romantic poems inspired by the song of the common nightingale. Coleridge’s â€Å"The Nightingale† is a â€Å"conversation poem† in which the poet cautions his friends against the all-too-human tendency to impute our own feelings and moods onto the natural world, hearing the nightingale’s song as a sad song because the listener is melancholy. On the contrary, Coleridge exclaims, â€Å"Nature’s sweet voices, [are] always full of love / And joyance!† John Keats was inspired by the same species of bird in his â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†- the little bird’s ecstatic song prompts the melancholy Keats to wish for wine, then to fly with the bird on â€Å"the viewless wings of Poesy,† then to consider his own death: â€Å"Now more than ever seems it rich to die,To cease upon the midnight with no pain,While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroadIn such an ecstasy!† The third of the British Romantic contributors to our collection, Percy Bysshe Shelley, was also taken with the beauty of a small bird’s song- in his case, a skylark- and also found himself contemplating the parallels between bird and poet:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!. . . .Like a Poet hiddenIn the light of thought,Singing hymns unbidden,Till the world is wroughtTo sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not...† A century later, Gerard Manley Hopkins celebrated the song of another little bird, the woodlark, in a poem that conveys the â€Å"sweet- sweet- joy† of God-created nature: â€Å"Teevo cheevo cheevio chee:O where, what can that be?Weedio-weedio: there again!So tiny a trickle of sà ³ng-strain...† Walt Whitman also drew inspiration from his precisely described experience of the natural world- in this, he is like the British Romantic poets, despite all the differences between his poetry and theirs- and he, too, attributed the awakening of his poetic soul to his hearing of a mockingbird’s call, in â€Å"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking†: â€Å"Demon or bird! (said the boy’s soul,)Is it indeed toward your mate you sing? or is it really to me?For I, that was a child, my tongue’s use sleeping, now I have heard you,Now in a moment I know what I am for, I awake,And already a thousand singers, a thousand songs, clearer, louder and more sorrowful than yours,A thousand warbling echoes have started to life within me, never to die.† Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Raven† is not a muse or a poet but a mysterious oracle, a dark and spooky icon. Emily Dickinson’s bird is the embodiment of the steadfast virtues of hope and faith, while Thomas Hardy’s thrush lights a tiny spark of hope in a dark time. Paul Laurence Dunbar’s caged bird epitomizes the soul’s cry for freedom, and Gerard Manley Hopkins’ windhover is ecstasy in flight. Wallace Stevens’ blackbird is a metaphysical prism, viewed thirteen ways, while Robert Frost’s exposed nest is the occasion for a parable of good intentions never completed. D.H. Lawrence’s turkey-cock is an emblem of the New World, both gorgeous and repulsive, and William Butler Yeats’ swan is the ruling god of the Old World, the classical myth poured into a 20th century sonnet.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Solutions of Slow Housekeeping Services In Palomar Hotel Research Paper

Solutions of Slow Housekeeping Services In Palomar Hotel - Research Paper Example   According to the customer comments from the data collection, the time taken for cleaning a room, the delays in response to customer calls, and the delays of delivering extra towels indicate the slow performance of housekeeping service to customer needs. Therefore, Palomar Hotel needs to solve the situation of above slow services problem to avoid major effects on customer satisfaction. There are two effective solutions to improve the slow housekeeping service, which are additional training for the staff that deals with housekeeping services, and the upgrading of the Property Management Systems (PMS). Additional TrainingAdditional training to the staff to provide more refresher information to guide them in responding to customer requests will improve the level of speed with which housekeeping services are conducted. Additional training will enable the employees to learn how to handle customer request and the response to give to ensure the customer feels attended to. In providing th e additional training, the provision of cleaning services for the rooms is enhanced. The staff is educated on the right times to handle cleaning and retain cleaning material nearby to handle any requests for cleaning services.When a customer call is received, the procedure that it follows to ensure a response is provided is vital. Additional training to equip the staff with confidence and the right attitude to work will provide the staff with motivation that will help increase their speed and efficiency.   

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Economics of Business Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics of Business Strategy - Case Study Example The managerial practices of the company are more products oriented so as to facilitate the customers, and provide them with different opportunities for making most out of their purchasing power. The company has also restricted itself from applying such policies where chances of bankruptcy are dominant, and have shifted towards consumer service. The management in particular operational management related to the decision making is widely practiced and encouraged by the company, the employees at the mediocre level, are involved with decision making, however such employees work within certain monetary limit. All this has made the company achieve laurels, 'We continued to strike what we believe is an appropriate balance between achieving our net income growth targets and investing in our future. In 2004, we delivered record earnings while increasing spending on marketing, promotion, rewards and card member services by 30 percent from a year ago. This increase came on top of a stepped-up l evel of investment spending in 2003' (Audit Repot 2004). American Express has incorporated different management strategies for optimization of their performance, and economic gain. The bank has implemented several different policies that minimized and reduced the indirect cost (goods and services other than raw materials, or "direct" expenses). The company's adopted policy has been to reduced and control expenses, such as office supplies, computer equipment, express delivery, and telecommunications. 'Our new survey and drafted policies shows that we as banking giant see the light at the end of the tunnel for an economic turnaround' (Anr Williams, senior vice president and general manager, U.S. Middle Market, American Express Corporate Services). The general manager further added that, 'At the same time, financial executives say that bank is challenged by rising expenses, and they're searching for new ways to control them - regardless of the economic climate'. The bank is involved in Expenses Management, and focused mainly upon corporate c ost-saving strategies. The company believed that cutting indirect costs and generating new revenue sources were equally important strategies in improving the financial health of their organization. The bank has encouraged and motivated their employees to participate enthusiastically towards compliance to those policies, the employees are urged to submit timely expense reports, desired employee adherence. 'Over the past several years, the institution have made strides in taking control of spending for travel, office supplies, computer equipment and other indirect expenses', (Anr Williams). 'But the push for profitability in these tough economic times has prodded the institution to expand their cost-control expertise and implement more effective solutions - such as new technology and innovative payment systems'. The web technology has emerged as an effective solution to cater for the surging expenses, the technology provided improved control and greater efficiency, and is being adopted by all the departments of the institution. The institution has adopted following practices for improving expenses management, and variety of strategies have been implied for streamlining the processes. The effective strategies are

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Help Stop Bullying Essay Example for Free

Help Stop Bullying Essay An 11 year old Massachusetts boy, Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, hung himself April 6, 2009 because he was being taunted daily for being gay. The mother begged the school to address the problem, but nothing was ever done about it and now a woman is left son less. That was at least the fourth suicide of a middle-school aged child linked to bullying that year. Most harassment and bullying go unreported. Children are being bullied each and every day, but the question is what should be done to stop it? Each and every day a child is being teased or picked on because of the way they look, act, dress, or because of what they believe in. Children should not have to be tortured just because they are not like everyone else. Children should be able to come to school and enjoy themselves and not worry about being picked on. A child that is being bullied can have many problems such as low self esteem and low self confidence which could lead them to suicide. Also, children that are bullied may start doing poorly in school or maybe even drop out because they do not feel safe at school. Bullying really needs to be stooped because it can leave a child physically, emotionally, and mentally scarred for the rest of their lives. Some schools say that there is very little that they can do about bullying because a lot of bullying starts off of school property. â€Å"Much of today’s bullying originates online, school officials said, with the growing use of social networking websites and cell phones has led to new ways to intimidate and tease. But because cyber bullying usually happens off-campus school administrators have little recourse† (Nissley 2010). I do not agree with the school district when they say that there is little they can do. Even though, it may start online, it continues or become worse at the school. With that being said, they need to try and do more so it can stop all together no matter where it starts. The solution that they think will help stop bullying is if the educate student about it more. Like Nissley (2010) stated, â€Å"In a model that has been mirrored by other school districts across the state, Abington Heights has been working on educating students as early as kindergarten about bullying and their responsibility to report it when they see it (p. 1). I think that it is good to educate the students about bullying and reporting it, but what is that really going to do? As we all know a lot of students will not tell because they will be too afraid. Or if they do tell they will be little done about it and they will continue to get bullied. So, their solution would not be effective at all. â€Å"Safe to learn: Embedding anti-bullying work in schools is the overarching anti-bullying guidance for schools and was launched in 2007† (teacherNet, 2009, p. 2). It seems that everyone thinks that the solution to stop bullying is just to educate students about it. I think that it is good that they are trying to educate students about the issue, but we all know that it is going to take more than that to stop bullying. It does not matter how much information you provide the students with about bullying, it still is not going to do anything. People have been trying to stop bullying by just telling students it is not the right thing to do for years and nothing has changed. As you see, they tried this solution in 2007 and now in 2010 the same problem is still going on. You can make students take classes every day about bullying and there will still be children getting bullied. Principals and administrators need to punish students by making use of more suspensions and require mandatory parent meetings for those who are bullying others. If the bullying continues, it must be dealt with strongly. And, both the child and parent should be held responsible for it. Until people start taking actions of this nature, bullying will forever be a problem. I think that the only way to stop bullying is to actually make a law against it. In Massachusetts, they have passed a bill for anti-bullying. I think that is wonderful because now that the law is involved I am sure bullying will be cut down because the kids would not to have to deal with the harsh consequences. â€Å"The bill would prohibit bullying at schools and clamp down on so-called cyber bullying by prohibiting the use of e-mails, text messages, internet postings, and other electronic means to create hostile school environment† (Gay Lesbians, 2010, p. 16). I also believe that it is good that they are requiring the school principals to report to the bullying to the police, if they believe criminal charges should be pursued. Maybe now if the students know that they could possibly go to jail they would stop bullying. It is great that somebody has passed a bill and takes this issue seriously because this has been going on for too long and it is time for it to stop. Lately there have been many other cities discussing and making laws about bullying. In New Jersey, they have also passed a bill regarding bullying. â€Å"A law against bullying in schools which advocates call the nation’s toughest because it requires schools to develop anti-harassment programs, was approved Monday in New Jersey† (Mulvihill, 2010, pg. ). I believe that this is what the schools need in order for bullying to stop. It may take a while for the schools to get all the policies and programs in the public schools, but it will be worth it. This law will hopefully prevent any more suicides from happening due to children being bullied. Maybe it should have been stricter laws a long time ago and a lot of bullying could have bee n stopped. The state of New Jersey has already passed the law for anti-bullying shows how it will cut down on a lot of bullying. There was already an anti-bullying law in 2002, but it was not required that schools set up anti-bullying programs. The new bill is claimed to be one of the toughest anti-bullying bill that there is. They are going all out the way to make sure students will not get bullied. They are even making teachers get training to help to bulling. Like Julie Bolcer (2010) stated, ‘’ The measure would required training for most public school employees on how to spot bulling and mandate that all districts from ‘school safety teams’ review complaints, reported The Star – Ledger . Superintendent would have to report incidents of buying to the state board of education, which would grade schools and districts on their efforts to combat it ‘’ (pg. 1). I think that it is to stop bulling because this is a very serious problem. But now that there are such harsh laws against it, I know the rates will go down a lot. Bullying is something that has been around for ages, but no one has ever seemed to find the right solution for it. Many say there is not a lot that can be done to stop bulling because it starts off school property; I totally isagree with that. While you have others that think that just by telling students about will stop it, which we all know will not. I feel that the only way bulling will ever stop is if they give harsh punishments and let the bullies know that is not a joke. Even though, there have been many attempts to stop bulling, I think that they have finally found a solution which is by making a tough anti-bulling law. If a child wants to bully someone then they should deal with the law and suffer the consequences.

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Impact of David Carson Essay -- Graphic Designers Typography Essay

The Impact of David Carson He was labeled a terrible graphic designer in the nineties. His agonized typography drove a clique of critics to indict him of not being serious and of destroying the origins and foundation of communication design. Now, the work and techniques of David Carson dominates design, advertising, the Web, and even motion pictures. David Carson graduated from San Diego state university, where he received a BFA degree in sociology. A former professional surfer, he was ranked #9 in the world during his college days. David Carson is currently the principal and chief designer of David Carson Design, Inc. with offices in New York City and Charleston, SC. Carson is a designer whose unorthodox graphic style played a major role in his success in the design world. His sense of typography is original and unique in a way that he does not follow the basis of communication design. For example, his arrangement of text is not what we would normally see which is in order but positioned in disarray creating chaos and confusion which is new and refreshing. His use of interesting visual simultaneously with typography creates an out of the ordinary design where sometimes the images are deliberately obscuring the text that goes with it and occasionally creating an unfinished sentence or word. Simplicity runs through Carson’s veins where â€Å"less is more†. Minimalism functions in his design where there are no extreme effects that would overpower his intention. His aim i...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay

In this investigation I will focus mostly on the regulation of both convents and brothels in the time period of Shakespeare and the early Renaissance. Ruth Mazo Karras’ â€Å"The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England,† focuses exactly on this topic throughout England and other European countries during the Renaissance. In regards to the convents I will be looking closely at an article entitled â€Å"Subjects on the World’s Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,† written by David G. Allen and Robert A. White. The regulations of brothels in the Renaissance were regarded heavily. Karras says that women within these brothels were basically regarded as evil and as sinners yet they remained occupying the position of prostitution solely because of the sexual appetite of men; these brothels were considered â€Å"†¦a necessary evil† (Karras). The first parallel between women of convents and stews I came to find was that of the aspect of being forbidden from society in a sense. Women of convents were completely shut off from the public, no insiders could leave and no outsiders could come in (Allen). The only difference in the secrecy of these two places was the fact that the brothels were attended by men. Karras also states that the women of brothels were not given any rights that regular women had, â€Å"In some places, she was not allowed to reject any customer, indeed could not be raped because she was considered to belong to all men and thus had no right to withhold consent† (Karras). These two aspects of women’s lives in this time period play a major part in the drama Measure for Measure, and especially set up the scene in the opening act of the play. When Claudio sends for his sister, Isabel, to help him get out of jail, in which he was sentenced to death for having premarital (by the eyes of the church) sex with Juliet, Isabel leaves the convent in which she was about to take her vows in order to save her brother. Thus, we have an almost-nun and sinful intercourse immediately in Act 1, both directly related to the idea of convents and brothels and the women within these places. In this case, however, Juliet is not a prostitute but in the eyes of Angelo and the law is regarded as one because of her and Claudio’s unofficial and insufficient marriage.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Idea/Expression Dichotomy

INTRODUCTION There is hardly a single principle of copyright law that is more basic or more often repeated than the so-called idea-expression dichotomy. The doctrine is followed dutifully as an unquestioned principle in hundreds of cases: the â€Å"ideas† that are the fruit of an author's labours go into the public domain, while only the author's particular expression remains the author's to control. This principle, sometimes described as having constitutional origins, was developed by the common law, and has now been incorporated into the copyright act itself.Copyright confers on the owner the right to make copies of their work whilst prohibiting others to do the same. The Copyright system gives the owners exclusive rights with regard to the exploitation of their works. However, the copyright doctrine does contain limits on copyright holders’ rights designed largely to mitigate copyright’s burden on creative appropriation. According to Barrett (2008), â€Å"Cop yright gives rights only in the author’s particular means of expressing ideas and facts, never in ideas and facts themselves†.Thus copyright does not protect the ideas but the manner in which they are expressed. Although this statement can be made seemingly without effort and with great ease, its application is not an easy undertaking and thus requires much effort. This is so because copyright law does not provide a clear distinction between the unprotected idea and the protected expression. For many years, the courts and indeed Intellectual Property Law practitioners put in enormous effort to establish and therefore draw a clear distinction between an idea and an expression but to no avail.Copyright law has till present failed to establish a clear demarcation between the boundary of an idea and that of an expression. As Justice Brenman said â€Å"this distinction between protected expression and unprotected ideas is at the essence of copyright. † This was compou nded and highlighted in Sheldon v Metrogoldwyn Pictures by Judge Learned Hands when he conceded that the line between idea and expression â€Å"wherever it is drawn, will seem arbitrary†.Courts consider this idea/expression dichotomy to be the central axiom of copyright law to use when determining what is protected in infringement cases. IDEAS What is an Idea? The answer to this question is central to the attempt to draw a distinction between idea and expression and hence the subsequent resolution to the idea/expression dichotomy. As observed by Lord Hailshaw in LB (Plastics) Ltd v Swish Products Ltd, the distinction depends on what one means by ‘ideas’. Ideas, procedures, principles, discoveries, and devices are all specifically excluded from copyright protection.As stated in the Copyright Act: In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discov ery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work. This specific exclusion helps maintain the distinction between copyright protection and patent law. Ideas and inventions are the subject matter for patents, while the expression of ideas is governed by copyright law.If copyright were extended to protect ideas, principles and devices, then it would be possible to circumvent the rigorous prerequisites of patent law and secure protection for an invention merely by describing the invention in a copyrightable work. With respect to the statement by Per Lloyd in Michael Baigent ; Richard Leigh v The Random House Group Ltd (The Da Vinci Code case), Ideas lie on the left side of the line between idea and expression, and therefore are not protected by copyright.Copyright infringement cannot result from copying an idea. The reasons why copyright law does not protect ideas is that; if the first person to produce a work based on an idea has a monopoly over it, the spread of knowledge and invention and innovation would be greatly impeded. This reason is shared by Fishman (2011) who states that, â€Å"if authors are allowed to obtain a monopoly over the ideas, the copyright law could end up discouraging new authorship and the progress knowledge – the two goal copyright is intended to foster†.The Copyright doctrine assures the authors the right to their original expression, but encourages others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work. According to Barrett (2008), â€Å"the law must ensure that the basic building blocks of expression (ideas, facts ; elements that are standard or routine in connection with a given kind of work) remain in the public dormain free from copyright owners control, in order to ensure a continuing flow of new authorship in future†.The courts have in several cases highlighted that copyright right law does not assure authors protection in ideas. In Michae l Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd where an allegation had been made that the novel Da Vinci Code infringed the copyright in the work entitled the Holy Blood and The Holy Grail (HBHG), Mummery LJ said â€Å"Original expression includes not only the language in which the work is composed but also the original selection, arrangement and compilation of the raw research material.It does not however, extend to the clothing information, facts, ideas, theories and themes with exclusive property rights, so as to enable the claimants to monopolise historical material. Theories propounded, general arguments deployed or general hypotheses suggested or general themes written about†. The foregoing statement points that the subsistence may extend to the way in which facts, ideas and theories are expressed by the author but this does not mean that facts and ideas are themselves the subject matter of copyright protection (Bainbridge, 2010).EXPRESSIONS Mummery LJ in Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd describes an expression as follows, â€Å"Original expression includes not only the language in which the work is composed but also the original selection, arrangement and compilation of the raw research material†. Expression constitutes the part of work that is protectable under copyright under copyright law. Article 2 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty provides that â€Å"Copyright protection extends to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such†.Copyright laws were enacted to encourage originality by regulating creative expression. The subject matter of copyright protection is ‘original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression’ (Dratler, 2006). Copyright gives authors rights in particular means of expressing ideas and facts, never in ideas and facts themselves. According to Netane (2008), copyright law prevents others from copying only the copyright holderâ€℠¢s particular â€Å"expression†, not ideas that are expressed.In the case of University of London Press Ltd v University Tutorial Press Ltd, Peterson J stated that â€Å"Copyright Acts are not concerned with the originality of ideas, but with the expression of thought, and in case of a ‘literary work’, with the expression of thought in print or writing†. This was also highlighted in two other cases; Feist Publication, Inc v Rural Telephone, and Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd. In the former case, it was held that copyright infringement may lie only in the copying copyrightable expression.In the latter case, it was held that copyright subsistence may extend to the way in which ideas, facts and theories are expressed by the author. IDEA/EXPRESSION MERGE DOCTRINE It is clearly stated that copyright law grants rights in the author’s expression of ideas, and that protection will be given as long as the expression of the same ideas are distin ct. However, there are times when there is one way, or only a few, to adequately express a particular idea. Ideas pretty much dictate the form of expression as highlighted in Landsburg v Serabble Crossword Game Player.This results in the idea and its expression being considered to be one. According to Fishman (2011),† In such cases, the idea and its particular expression are deemed to merge and the expression-the author’s words- is either treated as if it were in the public dormain or given very little copyright protection†. The effect of this is that protection may be lesser than when idea and expression are not merged. This is demonstrated in Kenrick v Lawrence were effective protection was denied to a drawing showing a hand holding a pen and marking a ballot paper.The intention of the person commissioning the drawing was that it could be used to show persons with poor literacy skills how to vote. It was held that a similar drawing did not infringe because it wa s inevitable that any person who attempted to produce a drawing to show people how to vote would create a similar drawing (Bainbridge, 2010). SUBSTANTIAL TAKING Section 2 of The Copyright and Performance Rights Act 1994 provides that substantial part includes any part of the work which on its own can be identified as part of the work of someone who is familiar with the work.Therefore substantial taking is the copying of the substantial part of a given work. However, it is difficult to determine what a substantial part is as no standard measure exists Plastics Ltd v Swish Products Ltd. The courts determine substantial by reference to the quality of what was taken and not the quantity. This was also highlighted in Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd where it was held that substantial must be decided by its quality rather than quantity, and that the significance of the part taken is a matter of fact and degree.This means that even a very small part of work can be subs tantial if it is the most valuable or memorable piece in the work. The principle of substantial taking displaces the earlier notion that ‘any’ copying of a protected work will automatically translate to infringement. The principle of substantial taking stipulates that copyright infringement will only result from the copying of the substantial part of a protected expression not the unprotected idea. Therefore, the determination of infringement depends on the quality of the work portion used in relation to the copyrighted expression as a whole.In the Harper v Row it was held that the determination of substantiality should not only the proportion taken but also on the â€Å"the qualitative importance of the quoted passages of the original expression† (Alces, 1994). CONCLUSION Ideas are building blocks of expression. An Idea is anything that when absent will result in no formulation of any work. Ideas are like ‘materials’ used in the construction of what results in copyrighted works. Expression refers to the unique and distinct manner in which unprotected ideas are presented.Expressions are ideas organised in a particular way, the organisation of which requires the use of skill, labour and judgement. It is such an expression that is protectable under copyright law. Richard (1990) postulates that, two important dichotomies lie at the foundation of copyright: (1) the subject matter of writing versus protectable expression of that subject matter, and (2) unprotectible versus protectable expression. The idea/expression dichotomy does not clearly articulate either of these distinction under the guise of its baseless distinction between ideas and their expression.The dichotomy further complicates infringement cases by relying upon a notion of â€Å"abstracting† ideas from expressions. Only the basic copyright requirements for original works of authorship and the infringement of such works must be considered. For the proper axiom o f protectability is not that expressions of ideas are protectable while ideas themselves are not, but merely that original and creative expressions alone are protectable. Though an expression is protected, copying it does not automatically result in infringement.Substantial taking is what ultimately determines whether or not copyright has been infringed. The protection of an expression hence rests on the quality of the portion of the expression copied. Infringement will only result from the copying of the substantial part of a protected expression not the unprotected idea. REFERENCES 1. Fishman S (2011), The Copyright Handbook: What every writer needs to know, 11th edition, NOLO 2. Bainbridge D. L (2010), Intellectual Property, 8th edition, Pitman London. 3. Barrett M (2008), The Emmanuel Law outlines series: Intellectual Property, 2nd edition, Aspen Publishers 4.Netane N. W (2008), Copyright Paradox, Oxford University Press 5. Dratler J (2006), Intellectual Property Law: Commercial , Creative, ; Industrial Property, Volume 13, Library of Congress 6. WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996. 7. Alces P. A (1994), Commercial Law of Intellectual Property, Aspen Publishers 8. Richard H. J (1990): The Myth of Idea/Expression Dichotomy in Copyright: Pace Law Review: Vol. 10. No. 3. 9. http://www. edwardsamuels. com/copyright/beyond/articles/ideapt1-20. htm

Friday, November 8, 2019

Concept of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History

Concept of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History Although the concept of race has a long history of conceptualization, its significance has become tangible during the last two centuries, with the rise of such issues as slavery, racial discrimination, and stereotypical thinking. Racial distinctions are initially premised on biological differences that specifically concern the physical appearance. However, these differences do not spread over other features, including genetic attributes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The biological distinction between races obviously exists, but it should not influence the equality in distributing human rights and freedoms. Perceiving race is a social construct does not create favorable grounds on defending humanitarian law. The history shows that the concept of race has always been accepted from a sociological perspective and, as a result, m any challenges occur to society composed of several races and ethnicities. The reference to the U.S. immigration history shows that people were bound to the concept of race while building social organization and treating people. Inappropriate treatment of African Americans refers back to the history of slavery, when African population was transferred to the United States and has long been considered inferior groups that should serve white population. Inferior attitude to black population has long been affecting the community and, therefore, the existing negative stereotypes and prejudices can be explained. Using race in a social environment could be regarded as a human invention for the prevailing group to take control of the minorities. Distorted perception of races led to the development of racist principles predetermined by cultural, individual, and intelligent perspectives. Racial distinctions are strongly associated with ethnicity groups because both phenomena refer to cultural perception and social beliefs. Similar to racial distinctions, ethnic groups adhere to a sense of community and cultural element, which shape the critical aspects of ethnicity. Due to the fact that the U.S. population consists of various ethnic communities, most of them will have to adjust to the dominating system of social and cultural beliefs. Such a tendency, however, is not encouraged among ethnic minorities that are afraid of losing their cultural identity. The emerged contradiction has created substantial grounds for blending ethnicity with race that led to the scientific bias as well. Nowadays the synthesis of two notions provides sociologists and anthropologists with the right to use the concept of ethnicity instead of race. The choice, however, produces more controversies to evaluating the nature of the identified terms due to their long history.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Considering ethnicity to be a type of race is relevant to the contemporary attitudes to minorities. Owing to the development of globalized trends in treating culture and society, these two definitions are rarely utilized in a negative meaning. Rather, the ethnic groups are now more respected and accepted in society because they create new perspectives for developing cultural heritage and encouraging individuals to restore their traditions, customs, and beliefs. Long history of U.S. immigration has had a potent impact on shifts in understanding such concepts as race and ethnicity. Transition from natural to negative perspective occurred during the period of enslavement, when African Americans were limited in their human rights. These isseus in racial discrimination of black population have turned into the fight for freedom and equality, which has led to a new perspective of understanding. Ethnicity is often associated with racism due to their restrictions imposed on the m inorities. Superior communities will always dominate the inferior ones, but recent trends in globalization provide better vision of a multi-cultural society.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Princeton Acceptance Letter Real and Official

Princeton Acceptance Letter Real and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Each year, PrincetonUniversityreceives over 25,000 applications for its undergraduate class. Only 7% of them get a Princetonacceptance letter.For example, in 2015, Princeton received 27,290 applicationsfor the Class of 2019 and accepted 1,908 students. That's a tiny 6.99% admission rate. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of applicants get a rejection letter. â€Å"I'm sorry to inform you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I was one of the lucky few to apply to Princeton and receive an acceptance letter in the mail. Since Princeton was one of my top choice schools, I was ecstatic that they wanted me as part of their community. I dreamed about how my future would turn out if I attended Princeton. Here’s my complete, official Princetonacceptance letter. Want to learn what it takes to get a Princetonadmit letter yourself? Read my How to Get Into Harvard, Princeton and the Ivy League guide. I'll take you through the philosophy behind how to become the world-class student that schools like Princeton, Harvard, and Stanfordare looking for. You'll learn what it means to develop an application Spike, why being well-rounded is the path to rejection, and how to craft a compelling application yourself. Read this guide now before it's too late. Here's a scan of the original admissions letter sent to me by the Admission Office at PrincetonUniversity. Personal Story: When deciding between my top choice schools (Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, MIT), ultimately it came down to Princeton and Harvard. It was a tough choice - Harvard had broader opportunities and was in a city. But Princeton seemed to have a more spirited school culture, with its famous eating clubs, and it seemed to emphasize undergrad education more strongly. In the end I went with Harvard (and I made the right choice for myself), but it was tough. After the letter, I'll give you tips on what it takes for you to get an acceptance letter like this for yourself. Princeton UniversityAdmission OfficePO Box 430110 West CollegePrinceton, New Jersey 08544-0430 March 31, 2005 Dear Allen: Congratulations! The committee has reviewed your application and we are happy to offer you admission to the Class of 2009. Princeton received a record applicant pool of over 16,500 applications this year and your academic accomplishments, extra-curricular achievements and personal qualities stood out among this strong pool. The committee was impressed with all you have done. Thank you for applying. We are delighted to be accepting you. If you applied for financial aid, a letter from the Financial Aid Office is enclosed with this mailing. If you have any questions, a member of the financial aid staff would be pleased to speak with you or your parents. We understand that paying for a college education is a significant commitment, and we would like to help you through the process. Princeton’s policy of replacing the student loan with additional grant sets us apart from other schools and allows you to graduate without any expected debt. You and your parents are invited to join us on April 14-16 for our April Hosting program to learn more about Princeton. An invitation is enclosed with this mailing. Our faculty members are interested in meeting you and we hope you can join us. Also included in this packet is the response card which you need to fill out and return to us with a May 1 postmark. Should you decide to attend Princeton, we will be sending you more materials later this spring with information about getting ready for your freshman year. Once again, congratulations. We are thrilled to be sending you this splendid news. If you have any questions about the academic program, residential life, or a particular interest, please let us know and we will help you get the answers. Sincerely, Janet Lavin Rapelye Dean of Admission Congratulations! So this is a pretty standard letter. Like Harvard, Stanford, and MIT, the Dean of Admission signs the letter by hand, which is a nice personal touch. OK....so now what? You probably have a reason for reading this acceptance letter. Let me try to help you out. If you just received a rejection letter from Princeton, I'm sorry. When admissions officers say it's a really tough choice to reject students, they're speaking the truth. Chances are you were very well qualified but were just edged out by other applicants. The good news is that you're fully in command of your fate. There are Princeton alumni who end up aimless,and there are graduates from hundreds of other colleges (and people who never went to college) who achieve great things in this world.So if you're disappointed about a Princetonrejection, I hope you pick yourself up and focus on building your future from this point on. Here's a guide on how to get great grades in college, which is likely your next step. If you're planning your college application and want to apply to Princeton, I hope this acceptance letter inspires you to want your own. Make no mistake, it's not easy to get in. It took a lot of hard work to pass Princeton'stough admission requirements. Throughout high school, I had to strategize carefully and spend my time effectively so I could balance great grades,AP coursework,hightest scores, and deep extracurricular activities. To help you out, in the following guides, you'll learn everythingI know about succeeding in high school and college admissions. If you want your own Princeton acceptance letter, these are must-read guides: 1) How to Get Into Harvard, Princeton,and the Ivy League This is the most fundamental guide to help you understand what top colleges like Princeton are looking for. You'll learn my philosophy behind: what kinds of students are most attractive to Princetonand why why being well-rounded is the kiss of deathin selectivecollege admissions what a Spike is, and why an effective Spike will have all your top choice colleges fighting for you how you can develop your own compelling Spike based on your interests Spoiler: it's not easy, and there's no magic wand that can instantly get you a Princeton acceptance. But in my experience with thousands of students applying to college, there are huge misconceptions about what Ivy League-level colleges are looking for. In the process, most studentswaste far too much time on things that aren't important and do nothing to raise their admissions chances. Even worse, they feel stressed all day. That's why I wrote this guide. Read it before it's too late - it mighttotally change your high school strategy. 2) My Complete Successful Application, including Common App and Supplement To complement my "How to Get Into Harvard"guide, I share my entire college application, page by page, word for word. You'll see the exact application that the admissions committee at Princetonsaw, including the Common Application, my personal essays, letters of recommendation, and transcript. I also provide commentary on every piece of my application. You'll see what was REALLY important to get me into Princeton,and other things that weren't. You'll even see mistakes I made in my application. I've never seen anyone else provide this level of analysis and detail. 3) How to Get a 4.0 GPA and Better Grades Your coursework is critical to your college application. Not only do you need great grades, you need great grades in what Princetonsays is "themost rigorous courses possible." This can be very stressful and confusing. Do you ever feel like you're taking too many AP courses and struggling to even stay afloat? Having worked with a lot of students, the biggest problems I see are in mindset, habits, and strategy. To help students out, I've written a complete guide onhow to excel in high school coursework. I take you through three levels of detail, from high to low: Mindset and Psychology: Do you have the confidence to know your growth potential? Are you prepared to work hard? Overall Planning and Habits: Do you get the best results from every hour you spend studying? Do you understand what teachers care about, and how to give them what they want? Do you know how to avoid procrastination? Individual Class Strategies: How do you excel in English classes? How is this different from math and science classes? I learned a lot of these lessons the hard way from high school and college. This is the guide I wish I had before starting high school.I used these concepts to get a 4.0 GPA in high school and highest honors at Harvard. Take the time to read it and you might get better grades while saving hundreds of hours of study time. 4) How to Get a Perfect SAT Score/ How to Get a Perfect ACT Score Besides, GPA, theother major number on your application isyour SAT/ACT score. This score isso important because your scores compares yourself to high school students across the country. Top schools like Princetonexpect you to be in the top 1 percentile of the country. If you're not, you'll cast serious doubt on your ability to keep up with your Princeton classmates. In my perfect SAT and perfect ACT guides, I share the major strategies that you'll need to boost your score above a 2100 on the SAT and 32 on the ACT. Also, check out my series on getting perfect scores in each of the sections on the SAT/ACT: SAT 800 Series: Reading | Math | Writing ACT 36 Series: English | Math | Reading | Science Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Nielsen Media Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Nielsen Media Research - Case Study Example n this paper the author will present different issues that are affecting Nelson Media and forecast on their success story, as well as areas where they need to improve. The different factors of management are looked into and the possible ways of improvement are found out too. There are a lot of environmental considerations that affect Nielsen Media performance. Some of the environmental factors are competition and customer confidence. Customer confidence affects the number of clients that the company has, while competition also affects the profit made by the company. To be able to overcome these issues, the company has to improve the quality of its services which starts with changes in management and the general change in their workforce. When estimating the number of people who watch a show, the company may at times be forced to intrude the privacy of people. For example, in order to know the family members who are watching movie at some particular time, the company has to know what exactly is being shown and who is watching the movie and who is not. This enables them to get confidential information that should not be available to the general public; it is one of the ethical issues that arise for the company consideration. This is avoided by keeping all the clients’ information confidential. The primary issue in this case is the spreading of all the clients’ information across many databases. The complete picture of the client is not achieved; his/her needs are not met by the company. There was no information about the participants of the communication in this system. The main contextualizing environmental factors are time and weather conditions. The factors that affect the level of ethical choices are the manager, the organization, and the stage of moral development. The manager is the one who has to make important decision with respect to the company. The criteria for finding the ethical decision can be used here to find out if indeed the decisions that

Friday, November 1, 2019

Assistance according to Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing Assignment

Assistance according to Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing - Assignment Example Eating and drinking are integral parts of human existence, and this is a very important part of activities of daily living in Roper model of living. I was given to understand that as a nurse, I have a primary role within the multidisciplinary team to ensure that my patient receives food, fluids, and adequate nutrition when he is under my care. My plan also involved educating him regarding a healthy diet.   This patient had difficulty in eating and drinking due to stroke and resultant paralysis. Being fully aware that it was primarily my responsibility to feed him and ensure that he meets his nutritional requirements, I first assessed his clinical situation. Although I assisted him in feeding and drinking, my goal was to help achieve his independence in terms of eating and drinking. During illness, the nutritional demands of the patients are usually high. By assisting him with his nutrition, I was attempting to improve his poor nutritional status that could hasten his recovery. As a nurse, I had a role in the prevention of his malnutrition. While executing this, my role was also to identify the risks and plan the intervention accordingly. Given the patient’s clinical status of post-stroke alterations in the structure of facial disfigurement, psychological alterations of post-stroke depression, and environmental alterations in terms of the hospital setting, I had to design the plan of feeding. This skill would eventually include screening and assessment of client’s nutritional needs, care planning and implementation, evaluation of care and necessary changes, creation of a conducive environment, assistance to eat and drink such as setting the table at proper height under appropriate illumination giving small quantity of food at a time, obtaining food , presentation of food, monitoring of nutrition, and educating the client to have appropriate nutrition.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Developing the Corporate Strategy for Information Security Research Paper

Developing the Corporate Strategy for Information Security - Research Paper Example Example: Implementation of this function in the organization can be done through the utilization of risk assessment tools in order to depict potential risks to information security. Management of the Risk Another vital function of CISO is managing the risks, which are interrelated with the functions of continuous assessment. Based on the results of the assessment, the officer is liable to develop strategies and plans in order to mitigate these threats (Whitman & Mattord, 2010; Homeland Security, 2007). Example: In an organization, this function can be accommodated by determining risk management strategies, having continuous monitoring of the organizational processes. Implementation of Designed Program Another vital function of CISO calls for proper implementation of the designed programs to ensure that the organizational strategies are applied in an ethical and hazard-free manner. This function of the officer is quite vital, as efficiency of the other functions tend to be highly depe nded on its proper execution (Whitman & Mattord, 2010; Homeland Security, 2007). Example: For the effective execution of this function, the CISO would need to utilize management techniques so that successful implementation of the organizational strategies can be assured. b. ... the competency to manage a control plan restricting inappropriate access to information that may hamper organizational interests either directly or indirectly (EC-Council, 2013; Homeland Security, 2007). Physical Security In accordance to this competency, CISO will need to be familiar with the standards, policies and laws associated with physical security. In this regard, it would also be vital for the CISO to determine the importance of such physical assets for any organization. Owing to this understanding, CISO will be able to gain the competency to manage and develop a coherent plan to ensure the overall information security within the organization (EC-Council, 2013; Homeland Security, 2007). Risk Management Mitigation as well as proper treatment of the threats being identified, is among the core competencies of CISO. In this regard, CISO should also need to be aware about the various resources that would be required towards determining proper risk management plan for the potentia l threats. It would be worth mentioning in this regard that successful mitigation of risk is directly dependent on this competency of CISO (EC-Council, 2013; Homeland Security, 2007). 2. The Chief Information Officer (CIO)’s functions within an organization a. Four (4) functions of CIO Manage A major function of a CIO is to determine the risks associated with information security of an organization. This can be done on the basis of facilitated understanding of policies and regulatory norms, related to managing the information. These functions will also include managing the strategic plans as well as programs associated with the information technology practiced within an organization (United States Dept. of Homeland Security, 2011; Homeland Security, 2007). Example: This function of a CIO

Monday, October 28, 2019

Research Methodology And Data Collection Methods Education Essay

Research Methodology And Data Collection Methods Education Essay An overview of the research study with a detailed account of the research design explaining the data sources, methods used, research instrument of data collection, variables included, sample population and sample size is presented in this chapter. The research context and the rationale for the research design or framework is also presented. However, in this chapter presents the research methodology, respondents of the study, data collection method and data analysis of data used for this research. The qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct research and validate research findings are also discussed in this chapter. 3.2 Research Methodology The descriptive-survey method of research utilising a questionnaire formulated by the researcher himself and supplemented by informal interview and observation were used in the conduct of this study. The research method that will be used for this study was the descriptive method of research. Two types of the descriptive method were used. These were the descriptive survey method and the descriptive evaluation method. Creswell (1998) defines qualitative research as an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological tradition of inquiry that researches a social or human problem. In this study, data were gathered from the college students and faculty members of the selected universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The primary source of data will be the information given by the respondents through a survey questionnaire that was formulated by the researcher. (See Appendix C). As quantitative type of research, it presented the data collected using tabular and textual forms. All data were collected, verified, analysed and interpreted specifically the variables of the study. The use of questionnaire is considered as the main instrument supplemented by personal interview in gathering the data. However, there are no official and agreed-upon guidelines on how to conduct an unstructured interview. But in practice, many researchers comply with the steps listed below (Punch, 1998; Fontana Frey, 2005) when planning and conducting unstructured interviews. Step 1: Getting in: accessing the setting. Various difficulties in gaining access to research settings have been documented, especially when the researcher is an outsider in the environment. Negotiation techniques and tactics are required in this situation. The researcher also has to take into consideration the possible political, legal, and bureaucratic barriers that may arise during the process of gaining access to the setting (Lofland et al., 2006). Step 2: Understanding the language and culture of the interviewees. A primary focus of an unstructured interview is to understand the meaning of human experiences from the interviewees perspectives. Thus, unstructured interviews are governed by the cultural conventions of the research setting. This requires that the researcher can understand the interviewees language and, further, its meanings in the specific cultural context of the research setting (Minichiello et al., 1990; Fife, 2005). Step 3: Deciding on how to present one self. An unstructured interview is a two way conversation. The quality of the conversation is influenced, to a great extent, by how the interviewer represents him- or herself. The interviewers self representation will depend on the context he or she is in, but in all cases, the interviewer is a learner in the conversation, trying to make sense of the interviewees experiences from his or her point of view. Step 4: Locating an informant. Not every person in the research setting will make a good informant. The informant (i.e., the interviewee) will be an insider who is willing to talk with you, of course. But even more importantly, the informant must be knowledgeable enough to serve as a guide and interpreter of the settings unfamiliar language and culture (Fontana Frey, 2005). Step 5: Gaining trust and establishing rapport. Gaining trust and establishing rapport is essential to the success of unstructured interviews. Only when a trustful and harmonious relationship is established will the interviewee share his or her experience with the interviewer, especially if the topic of the conversation is sensitive. When endeavoring to cultivate rapport, the interviewer might need to be careful: its easy to become so involved with your informants lives that you can no longer achieve your research purposes (Fontana and Frey, 2005). Step 6: Capturing the data. Note-taking is a traditional method for capturing interview data. But in an unstructured interview, note-taking is likely to disrupt the natural flow of the conversation. Thus, when possible, it is preferable to audio record the interviews by tape or digital recorder. Research Problems Aim and Objectives Review of Related Literature (Foreign Local) Prepare a Survey Questionnaire (Structured/Unstructured) Synthesize and Analysis on the Literature Review Data Collection Gaps Bridged by the Study Determine Qualitative and Quantitative type of research Conduct Statistical Analysis Interpretation of Data in Tabular Form Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations Figure 3.1 Research Design In situations where only note-taking is possible, you will need to take brief notes during the interview, writing up more detailed notes immediately after each interview (Fontana and Frey, 2005, Lofland, et al., 2006). The above framework (Figure 3.1 Research Design) covers the essential of the research design. It would be an activity and time based plan based on the research questions. It would guide the types of information to be collected and from what source. It would be a framework for specifying the relationship among the studys variables. Hence, the design outlines procedures for every research activity. Finally, after the collection of data from both primary and secondary sources, the analysis process will be conducted using the qualitative type of research or qualitative analysis method will be considered and interpreted. The common statistical tools were frequency count and percentage distribution which were in the nominal measures. The weighted mean will be used to treat data that were in the interval measures. The data were then coded for used in the statistical computerization. 3.3 Respondents of the Study The respondents of this study are the faculty members and students in selected universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The stratified random sampling will be applied in selecting the samples for the study. Stratified random sampling is the process of selecting randomly, samples from the different strata of the population used in the study as stated by Burnham, et. al. (2004). Proportional percentage shall be computed after determining the samples. In this study, the research population consists of respondents who are the e-learning students and faculty of the selected universities. These respondents have direct knowledge and proper position to evaluate the quality assurance in e-learning. The distribution of respondents by university is shown in Table 3.1. There are a total of ______ faculty members and ______ students from University of Bahrain (UOB), Ahlia University (AU), Royal University for Women (RUW), Delmun University (DU), The Kingdom University (KU), and Arab Open University (AOU). From the total population of ______, there were ______ sample respondents were taken. Moreover, the population will be drawn from the sampling frame. A sampling frame includes the actual list of individuals included in the population (Nesbary, 2000) which was approximately _____ respondents. According to Patten (2004), the quality of the sample affects the quality of the research generalizations. Nesbary (2000), suggests the larger the sample size, the greater the probability the sample will reflect the general population. However, sample size alone does not constitute the ability to generalize. According to Patten (2004), states that obtaining an unbiased sample is the main criterion when evaluating the adequacy of a sample. Patten also identifies an unbiased sample as one in which every member of a population has an equal opportunity of being selected in the sample. Therefore, random sampling was used in this study to help ensure an unbiased sample population. Because random sampling may introduce sampling errors, efforts were made to reduce sampling errors, and thus increasing precision, by increasing the sample size and by using stratified random sampling. To obtain a stratified random sample, the population was divided into strata according to institutions as shown in Table 3.1. 3.4 Data Collection Method The data collected in this dissertation is through the primary and the secondary data collection methods. The primary sources of data came from the responses of the faculty and students of selected universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The secondary sources were secured from books, pamphlets, unpublished materials and other articles related to the quality assurance and e-learning in higher education institutions. The main data gathering instrument that shall be used in this study is a questionnaire based on the objectives and specific research problems on the effective quality assurance in e-learning. Informal interview shall also be conducted during the dry-run to improve the instrument as well as to provide inputs on the validity of the questionnaire. The questionnaires shall be distributed personally and retrieved as soon as the respondents accomplished them to gain a high percent of retrieval rate. Interviews are a widely used tool to access peoples experiences and their inner perceptions, attitudes, and feelings of reality. Based on the degree of structuring, interviews can be divided into three categories: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews (Fontana Frey, 2005). A structured interview is an interview that has a set of predefined questions and the questions would be asked in the same order for all respondents. In the preparation of the draft of the questionnaire, the researcher shall conduct informal interviews with various key informants to have wider perspectives about drafting research instruments. A transmittal letter requesting permission from the selected universities will be secured by the researcher. Based from the information gathered the researcher will be able to formulate the draft of the questionnaire. However, in the validation of the questionnaire, the questionnaire shall undergo the necessary validation procedure to ascertain that the data intended to be gathered will be useful for the study. For this reason, the draft shall be shown to persons with experience in thesis writing and will be requested to give comments on the format, contents and other aspects of the questionnaire. Likewise, the questionnaire shall be subjected to the scrutiny of the researchers adviser. The researcher shall prepare the questionnaire in a manner in which it could be self-administered so that t he respondent will be able to answer with less help from others or no assistance at all. Revisions shall be made after the first dry run to improve and enhance the research instrument. The revised draft will be shown to the adviser for comments and suggestions. After all the comments are considered, it will be tested in a dry-run to find out which items still need to be polished. A dry-run will be conducted to find out if there are items which are vague to the respondents and need to be simplified or expanded. The adequacy of the time for the respondents to answer and the readability of the questionnaire shall also be considered. The questionnaires will be distributed personally at a time convenient for the respondents so as not to interfere with their normal work schedule. To ensure proper interpretation, the researcher shall make himself available during the time the questionnaires are being accomplished. The questionnaires retrieved from the respondents shall be properly labeled or coded as to university and type of respondents to facilitate the tabulation process. 3.5 Data Analysis The evaluation of each area of focus will be interpreted using the frequency count, weighted mean, percent, and rank statistics. The mean of each area will be obtained using the formula: x = ÃŽÂ £x/N (Downie and Heat, 1970) The numerical findings of the study will be statistically analysed and interpreted using the frequency count. Since most of the options are Likert Scale type, weights and corresponding adjectival descriptions. These are Strongly Agree (SA), 5; Agree (A), 4; Neither Disagree nor Agree, (NDA), 3; Disagree (D), 2; and Strongly Disagree (SD), 1. The collated responses were be subjected to Mean Weighted Average (MWA) analysis, using the formula: MWA = fw/N (Treece, 1986) Not achieved success factor On the other hand, the following range and interpretation were utilised to determine the key challenges and strategies that institution faces in supporting instructors in the use of technology, the weighted mean will be used. As shown, Finally, to determine the statistical analysis on the suggestions to improve the e-learning, the frequency count and ranking were used. 3.6 Ethical Considerations In the conduct of the study, the researcher will prepare a letter of request to the Dean of the Graduate School of Brunel University and to the Brunel Ethics Committee for approval. A formal letter will be prepared by the researcher and addressed it to the Chairman/President of the Selected Universities and Colleges in the Kingdom of Bahrain to use the survey questionnaire. The said instrument will serve as the basis in the preparation of the research study to determine the effective quality assurance in e-learning: challenges and strategies. Finally, the responses from interviews and survey questionnaires are kept confidential. 3.7 Summary This chapter presented the research methodology and the data analysis methods used to conduct this research. This chapter includes both the primary and secondary data collection methods. The qualitative research method will be used to interpret the data collected from the respondents based from the survey questionnaires since the study made use of the Likert Scale rating. The next chapter presents the data analysis and findings of the study.